Africa




 * Essential Questions **
 * =====** How can political change cause conflict? **=====

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-If people do not agree with the changes that are being made, than there will be conflicts among the people and what they want. They might not think the changes are the correct changes. May put certain groups or people into power that people do not agree with. =====
 * ===== **How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?** =====

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- Nationalism impacts people, nations, and empires because if the people do not agree with their government or something about their nation, than they might not always be loyal to their nation and not follow the ideas and rules for nationalism. It can also reunite people with their culture. =====
 * ===== **How can political relationships affect economic relationships?** =====

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- Political relationships can affect economic relationships because people would not be able to see eye to eye. Both intertwined, effect the countries and relationships with other nations. Ex: Russia and the US- The US does not agree with the Ukraine's political views, so now there is economic disagreements between the two. =====
 * =====** What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation? **=====

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‍- Characteristics and factors that unite people as a nation are equality, knowledge, no conflicts, agreements,common enemies, similar ideas and culture, facing government, a catastrophe. =====


 * What did you learn about Imperialism in Africa **
 * Europeans have been involved with Africa since the 16th century.
 * Europeans took over Africa for industrialization in the late 19th century.
 * Africa had diseases, which killed Europeans in staggering numbers.
 * In the 16th century, the Europeans had useless guns and mostly fought with swords.
 * Steamships made it possible for Europeans to travel inwards without horses.
 * Guns made it possible for Europeans to wipe out Africans battle after battle, with machine guns.
 * Europeans dominating Africa came through wars.
 * Africans resisted often violently, but got beat.
 * Intermediary governments is what Europeans mostly used to control Africa.
 * Indigenous rulers gained more power.
 * Preferred to rule indirectly, it was easier and cheaper.
 * Alternative was to resist and that did not turn out well.
 * African rulers were so good at adapting, they could resist Imperialism.
 * Political history and economic history come together.
 * Imperialism allows all the foods and clothes you have to come from other countries and nations.
 * - The Transatlantic Slave trade had severely decreased population in Africa
 * - European missionaries tried to instill their religions onto the Africans, they exploited them into using them as workers, servants etc.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1L0Uf2Q4Q9dDCCRTc6auVxNJRu5zJ7BOdGJdNY7KR9Tg/edit?usp=sharing
 * // Map Questions: //**

- Karl Liebknecht uses a simile to compare imperialism to the naturally occurring disaster cyclone, imperialism causes people to do whatever they can in order to achieve their goal, the militarism part of imperialism kills many people. They kill those who don't support their idea no matter who they are, imperialism doesn't have regard to humans.
 * "Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire." **** By Karl Liebknecht **

//**Scramble For Africa:**// https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wLA4rJHvfsnlpZNon4Or0-mhY7Z3VJsYLH4dndt2UbA/edit?usp=sharing

__Picture Detective__

 * **//I see://** a tired,run down Uncle Sam and another man carrying two baskets on their back with people, on Uncle Sam's back it seems to be what most people portrayed and saw the Africans to be like "savages", on the other man they seem to educated more civil, they have smirks on their faces, the rocks that both men are climbing over have words such as "oppression" "ignorance" "vice" & at the top of the rocks there is a gold statue that says "Civilization"
 * **//Question://** Is the other man besides Uncle Sam a British man? (because he's wearing a redcoat?)
 * **Message:** I think this is conveying the message that the British, French, Chinese, American etc. were struggling and in a "scramble" to make Africa a civilization and that it was their duty/burden to do educate and civilize these citizens.

//**Go On New Imperialism Organizer:**// https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lPpD0S3rYqC0uSBi1CQ06kmrPvPUF4VcSroC4-ipO_E/edit?usp=sharing

//**Frayer Model On Imperialism : **//

__**White Man's Burden Questions**__ 1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? According to the poem, the actual burden that white people are plagued with is the non-white people that they have conquered and the need to care for these non-white, inferior peoples. Their burden was that Americans felt like they had to take up the responsibility of the improvement of people who were not as technologically advanced as the Americans and help them progress to a higher stage of civilization. 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? Most of the poem describes what the white man does and offers and sacrifices, as well as the resentment and hatred he gets for doing what he does. Their really is no reward, it's a thankless job/burden. 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? Kipling thought that the society of America would read it, he even forwarded to Roosevelt so he could read it himself. Since the audience is the American public, it is going to be two-sided those who are for and against imperialism, those who think it's not America's job to take care of under developed countries will say that it is not our burden while others will say that since we are a well-off developed modernized country we should help those in need of advancement. 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? The last two lines in the first column, we really do see profit from those less educated and advanced than us working for us for little to almost nothing because they don't know any better.

__**Black Man's Burden Poem**__ - The message of this poem I think is to show their disapproval on Imperialism and to show that the superiority of the countries that were taking over the smaller countries and islands were almost in a way monstrous. Those who were being seized weren't as military or technologically advanced as them but they still fought because they loved their country and didn't want to go out with out a fight. This poem showed that these people basically just killed people because they thought they needed to be saved and brought into the ways of their own world, to no longer be "savages" but civilized like them. **Berlin Conference Mark Up:** https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Hrv8l7aaFxniFP1Hn988F_qMdyyazDbYDvCrFWte40o/edit?usp=sharing __** 5 words to describe the white man's burden **__
 * What is the message of this poem?
 * inconsiderate/selfishness
 * separation
 * divisions
 * social Darwinism
 * agreement
 * protection
 * enhance
 * prestige

"Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered that has made it possible for evil to triumph." Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975 Questions to consider: The author's perspective is that the people of Africa did not act when they could have and did not speak up when they could have to stop Europe from taking over and colonizing them. He might be making this statement because he believes that the Ethiopian people stood up to Europe and forced them out, which made them successful, which is what the rest of Africa could have done, but chose not to and allowed the "evil" in. He saw that more and more African nations were being impeded by Imperialism, and asked where their voices were. The quote relates to imperialism in Africa because the people of Africa were silent and did not act when they could have to stop the evil from getting into their country, and to stop the Imperialism from happening. But instead they pretty much watched it happen, and did not act on it. Asking Europe what do they think they are doing by taking over these nations.
 * What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does?
 * Why might the author be making this statement?
 * How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain.

"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)

===="Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races...==== ====I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty."==== "I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world." The author of this piece of evidence is Jules Ferry who was twice prime minister of France. His viewpoint is that it is the duty of the Europeans to colonize and bring Imperialism to these inferior or lower races, and that by doing this they are helping them. His justifications are that the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery, and did not fulfill their duty as the higher race as Europe is going to do. He might be giving this speech to convince the European people that taking over Africa and colonizing them will help them and will help Europe, and that it is the "generous" thing to do. It tells that these races felt "superior" over others and believed that they thought they were helping these inferior races, when they were actually hurting them.
 * Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint?
 * What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint?
 * ====Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech?====
 * ====What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time?====

"The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1982. Artists: Linley Sambourne -It was published in the 80's in London. Since it was published in the UK they were pro- imperialism in Africa and this was created and published to show the British domination in Africa. - How much land the Colossus being the man who was portraying the British Colonist Cecil Rhodes was taking over. The UK was big industrialized nation during that time, their economy was going well & they had the man power and money to "stride" along Africa from Cairo, Egypt to Cape Town and take over everything in between. - The British colonist Cecil Rhodes. I see a rifle, an outfit that seems to look like an explorer's attire. - The artists viewpoint/claim is that this the British were successfully dominating other superpowers who were trying to conquer and dominate Africa. It is claiming that the British were the more superior force in Africa.
 * Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias?
 * What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo)
 * Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see?
 * What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim?

Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896. "So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different." -They were treated like slaves. As if, they were entitled to nothing although it was their homeland they were treated like slaves on American soil, they were treated like savages. - Due to the imperialists advanced technology and weaponry and Africans only having insufficient weaponry to fight back, they were dominated when it came down to fighting over the land. Letter to Moshweshewe Markup: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZkvMdLewQnz4aYeb0ekAV7WZw2T3HWlpn67lg9PF3v4/edit#heading=h.gjdgxs
 * How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?
 * Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?

- The author is Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of the Basutos. The purpose is to tell the story of how the "white men" came into Africa and told them they were there to live under peace, and then invaded them by surprise and took all of their land and forced them out. -Boer is an African word for "farmer" and were hostile towards indigenous African people. This impacts the letter because it shows that these men were hostile towards the "black men." Harry Smith was a notable English soldier and military commander in the British Army. This impacts the letter because it shows that the men would listen to him because he was a well-known powerful soldier back then, so they would assume he is trying to help them. - I think this letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose because it tells the people how the Europeans came into Africa and lied to them, telling them they were both going to live equally and peacefully. Then the Europeans just start to take over their land and displace them, like they are not the indigenous group that has been living there. "I was to be ruler within those limits." This quote shows how the Europeans came in and starting restricting the Africans to what they could do, and especially where/how they could rule.
 * Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?
 * The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)
 * Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.

Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896.

"So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different."

-The people of South Africa were treated like slaves and forced to do things for the imperialists, while they harmed them and their families. -The African rebellion was unsuccessful because the "White men" had better and bigger guns than they did, and the Africans could not keep up with them. Also, they tried to make charges against them but they were never able to win, because the imperialists had more power.
 * How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?
 * Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?

Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907.

"And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us, fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice."

-The author of this source is Mojimba, and African Chief. It refers to a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907. -In this battle, the White men had all of the strength on their side, and used this to "take away the land and possessions" of the Africans. The White men "had guns," which the Africans did not have, and used this to get ahead of them and defeat them. -The chief's opinion of the British is that they are wicked, even though they call the African's wicked. They use their advantage of guns and military to take away their land and possessions, and that they are sick he says "You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice." Although the White men say they are doing justice here, the chief says they are sick in the head for believing that this is actually just.
 * Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?
 * Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.
 * What is the chief's opinion of the British?

Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906.

"The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking."

-He is saying that the East Africans are saying that they can be saved by bullets with this new medicine that they found. That it will give "invulnerability." The East Africans now believe that they are ready for a rebellion, and that they are pretty much indestructible. - I think they made these claims because they wanted support on their side, and believed this will get people to side with them and possible fight back against the Europeans and actually have a chance against them.
 * What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim.
 * Why do you think the Africans made such claims?

Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910.


 * [[image:mastromaurowh/Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg width="362" height="255" caption="Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg"]] ||
 * Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg ||

- In this photo, there is a man with a gun standing next to a dead elephant. He looks as though he has just killed it, and is taking a picture with it. -The purpose of this photo is to show that the "white man," Roosevelt, came into Africa and took over, and this shows it by showing a white man who killed one of their elephants. - This implicates that the white men used these African elephants for resources to trade and it shows that hunting elephants at this time was popular.
 * Describe the person and objects in this photo.
 * What is the purpose of the photograph?
 * What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?

[[image:mastromaurowh/African exports.PNG caption="African exports.PNG"]]

 * African exports.PNG ||

-European industries that benefited from African resources are fabric, food, electrical, cosmetics, drugs, coins, ammunition, fuel, banking, jewelry and soaps and candles industries. -I feel that Great Britain had the most valuable colonies, which was Rhodesia and South Africa. I believe this because they exported copper, zinc, lead, and coal from this colony. By doing this, they got to use it for coins, metal alloys, ammunition, fuel, and etc. I believe these products will bring back the most income compared to the other industrial/economic products that are being used. Also, from South Africa, they exported gold and diamonds. These are very valuable for banking, jewelry, and etc. Gold and diamonds are worth extreme amounts of money, so they must have made a big profit off of these resources. - This could be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa because it shows that the Europeans colonized Africa to extract and export these resources from them in order to make money. It shows how they came here to take these resources from them, and that that was all they wanted.
 * What European industries benefited from African resources?
 * Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why?
 * How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?

"Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy. Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ." Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962 -The West African nationalists believes that all colonialism did was strip Africa of their raw materials that they are going to use for industrialization, and not give any back to the Africans where they got it from. Also, they colonialism stripped them of their "responsibility in conducting [their] own affairs and convince [them] that [their] civilization was nothing less than savagery..." This saying that they basically came into Africa and tricked the people into saying that they need the Europeans help, which was a lie and that they just wanted to take their resources for themselves
 * In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism?